Get It Now Червената Звезда Depicted By Alexandr Bogdanov Disseminated As Digital Copy

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"Desde la óptica de la cienciaficción, Estrella Roja recuerda indudablemente a varias novelas del Ekumen, la saga espacial de Ursula K, Le Guin. Es notable la idea de vecindad espacial que pone a una sociedad teóricamente utópica a las puertas de un mundo capitalista, tal y como ocurre en Los desposeídos.
Sorprendentemente, hay otro rasgo más de la obra de Bogdánov en Le Guin: al igual que la escritora californiana rompiera las fronteras de género en La mano izquierda de la oscuridad, el revolucionario bielorruso describe a las mujeres marcianas con los mismos rasgos que los varones, una 'evolución' que ocurre debido a la liberación femenina.
Sería ridículo decir que Le Guin leyó a Bogdánov, ya que éste no fue traducido al inglés hasta, pero baste nombrar estos dos temas para describir la rabiosa modernidad de esta novela centenaria.


En la época en la que Bogdánov escribió Estrella Roja no existía ni tan siquiera una nomenclatura de la cienciaficción, No había un vocabulario unificado para hablar de naves espaciales o viajes intergalácticos, muchos de los avances científicos en los que se apoyan los escritores modernos todavía no existían,

y cualquier relato prospectivo podía considerarse fantástico.
En esta obra se adelantan los combustibles radioactivos, los problemas del frío espacial, se habla de antimateria, de trayectorias gravitacionales, de métodos de control de natalidad y suicidio asistido, de transfusiones sanguíneas e incluso de cine en tres dimensiones.
Los viajeros del espacio todavía no son cosmonautas ni astronautas para Bogdánov eran eternautas, y el enorme vehículo esférico en el que viajaban, no era un cohete, sino un Eteronef.
" Scritto nelda Aleksandr Bogdanov pseudonimo del filosofo rivoluzionario boscevico Aleksandr Malinovskij, è un romanzo fantastico che racconto la realizzazione di un socialismo quasi perfetto su Marte, costruendo un approccio unico al filone utopistico che unisce impegno politico, critica sociale terribilmente anticipatorie le pagine sulla crisi ecologica del pianeta, riflessioni scientifiche fondate e fantasiose in particolare quella sulle trasfusioni di sangue, a causa delle quali Malinovskij trovò poi la morte.

The book contains two utopian novels and a poem written by a Russian intellectual and friend of Lenin's after the failure of therevolution, along with an introductory essay by Richard Stites and an afterword by Loren Graham.
Since the novel sometimes appears to be a vehicle the philosopherphysician author is using to convey his ideas on many subjects, there are many conversations that are philosophical and rather thoughtprovoking in nature.
The books do not make for quick reading, albeit they are fascinating,

The book is a slog, since the author lived at a crucial moment in world history and the novels and poem may have been his way of metaphorically expressing his socialist hopes and ideals.


Sadly, as Mr, Graham's essay points out, the protagonist of "Red Star," Leonid, may represent Bogdanov, and Bogdanov's death in the lates, as Stalin's grip on power was tightening, may mirror Leonid's and Menni's death or presumed death in "Red Star.
"

Mr. Bogdanov no doubt eventually realized that the revolution was not proceeding along peaceful idealistic lines, but instead had become barbaric and violent, The dichotomy between what might have been, as represented in the novels about the socialist Martian society, and what seems to always befall idealistic dreams on Earth, was suggested by some passages in these novels, which were written afterbut prior to.


Earth cannot peacefully attain socialism the way the Martians achieved it, Yet even Martian society as described in detail in "Engineer Menni" is riven with conflict and chaos, as the privileged angle to regain power,

This is a fascinating "trilogy" of works by an extremely interesting Russian thinker, who spent years trying to systematize or find the commonality of all human knowledge, the thought being that if a common organizing principle were found, it could be applied to solve any problem of the upcoming socialist State.
The novels were another way for Bogdanov to convey his ideas on organization how they had worked out on Mars, the "socialist future" vs, the "nascent" emerging socialist revolution on Earth, The novels probably can be read as "moral tales" that were intended to encourage Russian revolutionaries by imagining what an ideal/utopian/socialist society on Earth might look like if it mirrored what the socialist Martians had achieved in these fictional works.


The quotes:

From the Stites essay:

"The red star is Mars, but it is also the dream set to paper of the kind of society that could emerge on Earth after the dual victory of the scientifictechnical revolution and the social revolution.
"
" "canals," suggesting massive engineering projects, a huge labor force, and advanced minds, . . "
"From aboutto the eve of the Revolution of, at least twenty Russian tales of utopian societies, fantastic voyages, and interstellar space travel appeared, "
"The industrialization of Russia in thes and the accompanying growth of technology, transport, and urbanization opened up broad vistas for utopian speculation, "
"After the Russian Revolution of, a kindred surge toward anonymity, egalitarianism, collective creativity, and iconoclasm burst forth for some time before it was repudiated by the authorities, who soon began to set up live heroes, stone statues, and cultic idols of the Revolution.
"
"At the end of "Red Star," Bogdanov makes fleeting reference to the Old Man of the Mountain, an invaluable, hard headed, but somewhat conservative and inflexible revolutionary leader, Bogdanov was clearly referring to his comrade Lenin, "
"Bogdanov recalled years later in his autobiography that the barracks and prison like atmosphere of his school had taught him as a schoolboy "to fear and to hate those who coerce and to flaunt authority.
"
""Engineer Menni" is a novel about socialists and labor leaders, capitalist villains and blind aristocrats but it is especially a novel about engineers, a profession that has played an enormously important role in Russian and Soviet development in the last ninety years and is only recently being studied by serious scholars.
"
"Like the American socialist Jack London, whose "Iron Heel" was written in the same year, Bogdanov warns of the coming time when capitalists and ruling classes would use the latest technology to persecute and provoke the proletariat into a premature uprising which the provocateurs would then crush.
"
"The most striking of all these passages, . . referred to the possibility of a revolution and the establishment of a few islands of socialism surrounded by a hostile capitalist sea, "
"It is difficult to foresee the outcome of these conflicts," says Sterni, "but even in those instances where socialism prevails and triumphs, its character will be perverted deeply and for a long time to come by years of encirclement, unavoidable error and militarism, and the barbarian patriotism that is their inevitable consequence.
"
"Bogdanov's works pointed the way to an enormous blossoming of revolutionary science fiction in thes, a period that saw the publication of about two hundred works of this kind, most of them dealing with the two main themes of Bogdanov's work: capitalist hells, militarism, fightful weapons, greed, and exploitation leading to catastrophe, and communist heavens adorned with lifeeasing technology and complete social justice.
"
"After the Bolsheviks came to power Bogdanov, . . threw himself into the Proletkult, the proletarian culture movement that he had helped to found before the Revolution, and established thousands of cells and studios all over Soviet Russia and issued a huge number of publications with enormous circulations.
"

From "Red Star:"

"Menni to Leonid Look how your Asiatic government uses European means of communication and destruction to oppress and eradicate all the most vigorous and progressive elements in the country.
"
"Netti to Leonid Every worker is a creator, but what does the creating is mankind and nature, Menni had at his disposal the experience amassed by preceding generations and contemporary researchers, and he based each step of his work on that experience, Our science and our art preserve impersonally the collective accomplishments of all, Sterni will always willingly help you with anything your yourself bring to him, but he will never guess your needs for you, "
"They never greeted one another, never said goodbye or thank you, never dragged out a conversation just to be polite if its immediate goal had already been reached, "
" the cold of the ethereal wastes seemed to pierce my heart, . . "
"Octopuses have eyes what are unusually similar to those of, . . the vertebrates. Yet the origin and development of the eyes of the vertebrates are completely different, . . "
" wars played a relatively minor role in Martian history and ceased altogether rather early, . . "
"Menni to Leonid The entire surface area of our planet is only onefourth that of Earth at the same time the force of gravity is two and onehalf times less, making our bodies so light that we can move about quite rapidly even without manmade means of transportation.
the small peasants were crowded out at a very early state by largescale capitalist farming, and the land was totally nationalized soon after, The reason the increasing aridity of the soil, which the smallholders were unable to remedy, their land fell to the large regional holders with enough capital to finance irrigation, In other cases, the peasants formed large cooperative associations, . . which fell under the economic control of their creditors, . . When the means of production were socialized, there was no compensation in the true sense of the word, At first . the capitalists were pensioned off, "
"Levers rose and fell smoothly and evenly like giant steel hands, "
"Menni to Leonid Everyone takes whatever he needs in whatever quantities he wants, each new invention contributed to solving the main difficulty, namely the transition to a system in which each individual is perfectly free to choose his own occupation, "
"Nella to Leonid If a child is to be trained to participate in society he must live in society, Children acquire most of their knowledge of life from each other, according to a universal law of life the development of the organism repeats in abbreviated form the development of the species, Analogously, the development of the individual repeats that of society, many adults also like to live alone, Most of them are deeply engrossed in scientific research or artistic creation, "
"Enno to Leonid You are saddened by the backwardness of your planet and the maliciousness of your humanity, our art museums are scientific research institutes, schools at which we study, . . the development of mankind through artistic activity, "
" the enslavement of women in the home and the feverish struggle for survival on the part of the men, . . ultimately account for the physical discrepancies between them, "
" the Martians erected monuments only to important events "
"Enno to Leonid The more complicated the goal, the more difficult the path leading to it, if there is any happiness among us, . . it is not the tranquil bliss you were talking about, "
"Netti to Leonid your predominantly individualistic psychology isolates people from each other, . . completely "
"As a socialist I stood on the border between them, like a split second of the present between the past and the future, I was struck by the intensely businesslike character of the Martian's public meetings, It became increasingly obvious to me that, . . I lacked the culture of concentration. "
"Enno told me that Menni had matured too late from boyhood into manhood and had thrown himself too early into the intense life of a scientist and thinker, "
"Netti fell in love with Menni before ever laying eyes on him, . . Like Netti Letta loved Earth in his dreams and imagination and believed in the future union of the two worlds and the great prosperity and poetry of life that would result from that alliance.
"
"Sterni to Leonid the very nature of their culture, . . is based on ownership protected by organized violence, patriotism includes a spiteful distrust of all other peoples and races, a visceral attachment to a particular way of life, . . the art of destruction on Earth is much more advanced than any other aspect of their peculiar culture, The ruling classes rely on the army and sophisticated military technology, and in certain cases they may deal the rebelling proletariat, . . a stunning blow that the cause of socialism will be frustrated for decades, . . If this happens, the individual advance countries in which socialism triumphs will be like islands in a hostile capitalist, . . sea . the upper classes of the non socialist countries will, . . concentrate all their efforts on destroying these islands, the ruling class control the means of production and command the loyalty of ninetynine percent of all the scientists and engineers, "
"Netti: Even the few of us who know the facts find it impossible to picture the insane sophistication which the art of oppression has attained in the hands of the ideological and political organizations dominated by the upper classes of the most civilized nations of Earth.
The unity of Life is our highest goal, and love is the highest expression of intelligence!"
"The revolution selects her glorious martyrs and paints her proletarian banner in their rich blood.
. . "
"In this hazy, buoyant frame of mind I had no desire to think of the past,and it was pleasant to realize that I had been been forgotten by everyone, by the whole world.
"
"Menni to Leonid the Old Man of the Mountain is exclusively a man of struggle and revolution, "

From "Engineer Menni:"

", . . if their discoveries on the structure of matter were, . . to become known on Earth, the militaristic rulers of our mutually hostile nations would gain control over weapons unprecedented might, and the entire planet would be devastated in a matter of months.
"
"The history of Mars, . . followed the same course from the tribal system through feudalism to the reign of capital and through it to the unification of labor, Martian humanity never knew the worst forms of our slavery, . . The natural environment of the planet was poor and harsh, and the experience of thousands of generations built up the dim awareness that it is extremely difficult to restore what has once been destroyed.
In about A. D . . A cultural revolution was underway, . . a reformation of the ancient feudal faiths, At the end of the fourteenth century, . . a giant Federal Republic was established withich encompassed approximately three quarters of the planet, Working for Ormen Aldo's agitation, . . were not only the power of the sacred past and the influence of the priests on the ignorant masses an even more important factor was the painful economic development of the country, which had been invaded by commercial and usurious capital.
By means of extortionary contracts they appropriated standing crops and future catches of fish and further increased their profits through systematic fraud, . . Commerce introduced new needs and temptations into the life of the peasants, but money was again necessary to satisfy them, and this only served to intensify the plunder, Economic ruin spread rapidly the war enabled the Republic to recover from its economic crisis, . . "
"Menni: The desert there is a veritable Kingdom of Silence, Xarma despite his socialist views is the most learned and profound economist of our time, . . "
"The Minister of Public Works: Menni's, . . book on Libya ends in the words: 'All the deserts of the world have a future, '"
"Menni's plan for nationalizing the land, . . provided that all previous ground rent would serve as the source of capital for the Project, By that time More than ninetenths of all properties in land were in the hands of a few thousand grotesquely wealthy owners, Socialism preserved almost everywhere the strongly idealistic and philanthropic elements injected into it by theoreticians from the intelligentsia, By contrast, the bourgeoisie on Earth, is frightened by the thought of the blow which nationalization of the land would deal to the sacred principle of private ownership, the basis of the present social order, "
"Arri: my son Netti studied a great deal if to complete his education he attended the same schools as our class enemies, he did so in order to find new weapons for the defense of our cause.
"
"Netti: We cannot change this as long as the present order exists, as long as there is exploitation, as long as one class fears and rules over another, Thus far science is the weapon of our enemies, Nothing has been conquered for the proletariat until it has been won for everyone, Each branch of science has its special language which is the privilege of the initiated and serves to exclude everyone else, The proletariat must master science, . . by changing it. Ours is a difficult battle and cannot be otherwise, because our ideals are lofty, But if it were easy, brothers, would it even be worth talking about"
"Menni: I want my case to be reviewed by another, a higher court the Court of Humanity.
"
"Netti: I am a socialist and a follower of Xarma, Removed from the collective of millions of working people and from the chain of generations, the worker, . . immediately becomes a nonentity . a worker exists and is real only when he is united in labor with countless human individuals of present and past generations, such is the attitude of the ruling classes toward the worker they are prepared to treat him fairly and according to the law as long as he lives for himself, because then he is powerless.
The individual in isolation cannot understand politics, where the clash of collective forces gives rise to enormously complex relations, "
"Arri: Menni is a man who did not know real love in his youth and who has spent many years in solitude, When he falls in love, it will prove stronger than he is, "
"Menni: Where I find it selfevident to speak of the triumph of an idea, you see the triumph of labor, Exertion is merely the means, while the idea is the highest goal, The supreme essence of an ida consists in its logical nature, "
"Netti: their labor, their efforts, their aspirations to develop their potential, and the creative work born in their minds ran into obstacles and encountered such overwhelming opposition that all this was reduced to impotence.
Man knows no greater happiness than to feel himself a vital part of a mighty, allencompassing impulse, The idea of freedom was such a universally sensed impulse, Daring explorers returned with theoretical knowledge about forever dead sands and plains which was seemingly irrelevant but which in actual fact represented the crystallized effort of these pioneer explorers: knowledge to be used in the future war against the Kingdom of the Inert.
Utopias are an expression of aspirations that cannot be realized, . . logic's only vital significance lies in the fact that it enables people to communicate with each other that is, it allows them effectively to unite their efforts in labor or research.
The idea of freedom was true because it led mankind to victory, to an enrichment of life that is the ultimate goal of all labor, Mankind moves on and sets itself new goals, . . Often one idea kills another one thus freedom nullifies authority, scientific thought kills religion, and new theories replace old ones, "
" the working class up until then had sometimes managed to assert itself economically, but had always been a convenient and obedient subject of political manipulation, "
"Teo's article: Democracy must never rely on a single individual it does not have the right to do so, for it is based on the principle of the majority.
"
"Netti: the strength of the power determined by democracy merely reflects the strength of democracy itself: it selects the means best suited to ensure the common good, and it must not be restricted in that choice.
As for our President, in his famous book he wrote: ', . . social peace is more important than the egoism of the privileged, '"
"On the basis of old documents belonging to Feli Rao, Netti was able to reconstruct what had happened with the fifty deputies who had suddenly become millionaires and supporters of Rao.
"
"The Vampire: Everything dies: you, mankind, the world, Everything will be submerged in eternity, Only the truth will remain, because it alone is eternal, And it is eternal because it is immutable, "
"Death: you will be no more, Your name and your body and your chain of memories will all disappear, In the infinity of mighty, living Being, what you loved more than yourself your work will survive, "
"The skeleton was right: the sum of this reckoning is zero, We could not completely conquer time and space, What is dear to us instead is all that has been accomplished by our united efforts though thousands of centuries: our power over the elements, our understanding of nature, the beauty of life that we have created.
"
"The dreamimage of Netti: In a few minutes our planet will be no more, and its fragments will be cast out into infinite space along with our dead bodies and our living cause.
".