Take Useful Bodies: Humans In The Service Of Medical Science In The Twentieth Century Authored By Jordan Goodman Expressed As E-Text

of the humanity is not only related to the development of the physical appearance but also connected to the development of moral values to understand and respect the human body.


Useful Bodies is a product of three scientists, Jordan Goodman, Anthony McElligott and Lara Marks, Jordan Goodman is a historian of science and medicine worked at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, He has a good record of publication in the history of medicine, science, and technology, including several articles on the history of therapeutics, Anthony McElligott is the founding Professor of History at the University of Limerick where he is also director of the Centre for Historical Research, He interested in the social, cultural, and political history of Europe and Germany in the twentieth century, Lara Marks is a visiting senior research associate at Cambridge University and an Honorary Senior Lecturer at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
She has published numerous books and articles on the history of maternal, child health and ethnicity, Her research is interested in the application of information technology in the pharmaceutical industry,
General introduction from the beginning of the clinical trials was different examples from Germany to the US were mentioned in chapter one, By navigating to the second chapter, this chapter provided an account of the series of simulated biological warfare trials and the policy context within which they were performed.
It closes with a consideration of the involvement of the population in the trials,
The third chapter explored the ethical and scientific issues raised by the research project in the work of Mark Boyd, It discussed the method of malaria transmission to neurosyphilis patients, Boyd ethical problem arose when he was concerned to treat malaria above treating syphilis patients, even both of them were patients, Also, he resorted to letting uninfected insects feed on the arm of

the laboratory technician, a practice that one colleague denounced as inhumane, Moreover, HospitalInduced malaria could spread to the surrounding community, Boyds methods do make one uneasily aware of the slippery slope that might lead researchers to induce malaria in patients with no underlying disease to test medications or perform other research on malaria.
On the other hand, Boyd had inherent conflicts in his goals, He wanted to gather data on the natural history of malaria, but at the same time, he wanted the patients to ensure only a safe levels of malaria.

In chapter four, the invention of cyclotron introduced new technology “radiation, ” It showed quite vividly the tensions between the wish to exploit new technology and help to establish a new medical discipline on the one hand, and ethical issues of experimentation in both nontherapeutic and therapeutic situations on the other.
Chapter four narrated the history of some human radiation experiments at the University of California, Four projects evolved in parallel: experiments on the biologic effects of radiation, studies of the effects of radiation on soldiers, attempts to develop radiation therapy for cancer, and use of radioactive tracers to study normal human metabolism.

Chapter five discussed the British wartime experiments and a full comparison with either the U, S. wartime or Willowbrook postwar experiments, In the British trials, arthritis patients were encouraged to volunteer on the grounds of patriotism as well as the chance that a dose of jaundice could give them remission from arthritis symptoms.
However, they were not fully informed of the nature of the experiments especially the source of the infective material The Krugman experiments, generated criticism because the subjects were minors and mentally retarded and thus doubly unable to give their consent.
Also, parents of children in the Willowbrook trials, approached as the children were about to be admitted, were told that the studies would help all children and that their child would be closely monitored.
So in both cases, consent was sought with a joint appeal to serving the common good and some possible individual benefit,
Returning to the Willowbrook trials, chapterfocused on the claim that hepatitis infection was an inevitable result of hospitalization at the Willowbrook State School.
Analysis of the experiment was examined and criticized in this chapter,

History related to the civilization of humanity is very interesting to be studied and examined carefully, However, a history of recognition a dignity and respect of the human body in the sake of medical benefits are equally important, Well, detailed book about a great service of the human to the pretended human scientists,

Ahmad Zaiter
B, Sc. Degree in Pharmacy Philadelphia University, Jordan
Master in Pharmaceutical Technology IIUM, Malaysia
sitelink researchgate. net/profile/
Though notoriously associated with Germany, human experimentation in the name of science has been practised in other countries, as well, both before and after the Nazi era.
The use of unwitting or unwilling subjects in experiments designed to test the effects of radiation and disease on the human body emerged at the turn of theth century, when the rise of the modern, coercive state and the professionalization of medical science converged.
intersection of government power and medical knowledge in revealing studies of human experimentation germ warfare and jaundice tests in Great Britain radiation, malaria and hepatitis experiments in the US and nuclear fallout trials in Australia.
These examples of medical abuse illustrate the extent to which living human bodies have been useful to democratic states and emphasize the need for intense scrutiny and regulation to prevent future violations.
Jordan Goodman has published extensively on the history of medicine and science, and on cultural and economic history, He is an Honorary Research Associate in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at University College London, .