from Diplomatic Europe Since the Treaty of Versailles
IT needed but a few chapters to give the impression that this book was a complete survey Of the illusions and disillusions, the fevered strivings and the sterile struggles, which went to form the travail of Euro pean international life after the Great War.
I have purposely refrained from writing these chapters, chiefly because I did not wish to touch, here, upon questions and episodes which might have led to the discussion of ideas or pretended ideas upon which, in other fields, I have Openly expressed my thought.
Moreover, apart from any such personal feeling, it seemed to me premature, and therefore useless, to attempt to paint a general picture Of the whole the postwar history Of Europe is still in the making.
I have wished merely to add an historical contribution to that ensemble, by recording the as pect and the trend of some events to which I could partly bear personal witness.
Such as they are, these pages do not seek to con ceal, although they may not proclaim, the political and moral ideals which were, and remain, my own.
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Count Carlo SforzaJanuarySeptemberwas an Italian diplomat and anti fascist politician, Sforza was born at Lucca, the second son of Count Giovanni Sforza, The Count was a member of the ancient Sforza dynasty, descendant from a branch of the Dukes of Milan, and related to the Pallavicini family as well as other Italian families such as the Medici and Orsini.
His wife Valentina Errembault de Dudzeelewas from an
old and noble Belgian family, After graduating in law from the University of Pisa, Sforza entered the diplomatic service in, He served as consular attaché in Cairoand Paris, then as consular secretary in Constantinopleand Beijing, He was then appointed chargé da Count Carlo SforzaJanuarySeptemberwas an Italian diplomat and anti fascist politician.
Sforza was born at Lucca, the second son of Count Giovanni Sforza, The Count was a member of the ancient Sforza dynasty, descendant from a branch of the Dukes of Milan, and related to the Pallavicini family as well as other Italian families such as the Medici and Orsini.
His wife Valentina Errembault de Dudzeelewas from an old and noble Belgian family, After graduating in law from the University of Pisa, Sforza entered the diplomatic service in, He served as consular attaché in Cairoand Paris, then as consular secretary in Constantinopleand Beijing, He was then appointed chargé d'affaires in Bucharest in, but a diplomatic incident caused him to resign in December of the same year.
Nevertheless, he was sent as private secretary of Marquis Emilio Visconti Venosta, the Italian delegate to the Algeciras Conference.
Visconti Venosta's recommendation earned him the post of first secretary of legation in Madrid, before being sent as chargé d'affaires in Constantinoplewhere he witnessed the Young Turk Revolution.
Counsellor of Embassy at London in, he then made his first experience of government as cabinet secretary of the Italian foreign minister for some months in the Fortis cabinet.
Fromto, he was sent back to Beijing where he witnessed the collapse of the Chinese Empire and renegotiated the statute of the Italian concession of Tientsin with the new Chinese authorities.
Sforza was in favour of an Italian intervention in the First World War on the side of the Allies.
Fromto, he was sent as ambassador in Corfu to the exiled Serbian government, After the First World War he became Italian foreign minister under Giovanni Giolitti, InSforza upset nationalist right wing forces by signing the Rapallo Treaty which recognised the important port of Fiume as a free city.
As minister of Foreign Affairs he was instrumental in breaking the proto fascist feud led by poet Gabriele D'Annunzio in Fiume.
He remained foreign minister until the fall of the Giolitti cabinet onJuly, Sforza was appointed ambassador to France in Februarybut resigned from office nine months later onOctober after Benito Mussolini had gained power.
He led the anti fascist opposition in the Senate until being forced into exile in, While living in exile in Belgium, the native country of his wife, Sforza published the books, European Dictatorships, Contemporary Italy, or Synthesis of Europe, as well as many articles where he analysed the fascist ideology and attacked its many well wishers as well as different "appeasers" in England, France and elsewhere.
After the murder in France inof Carlo Rosselli, leader of the Giustizia e Libertà movement non marxist left, Count Sforza became the de facto leader of Italian antifascism in exile.
Sforza lived in Belgium and France until the German occupation in June, He then settled in England where he lived until moving on to the United States, where he joined the antifascist Mazzini Society.
Attending the Italian American Congress in Montevideo, Uruguay, in August, he presented an eight point agenda for establishment of an Italian liberal democratic republic within the Atlantic Charter.
The conference approved Sforza's agenda and acclaimed him "spiritual head of the Italian antifascists, "After the surrender in September, he returned to his country and in Junehe accepted the offer of Ivanoe Bonomi to join his provisional antifascist government.
Sforza inbecame a member of the Italian Republican Party, As foreign ministerhe supported the European Recovery Program and the settlement of Trieste, He was a convinced advocate and one of the designers of Italy's pro European policy and with De Gasperi he led Italy into the Council o sitelink.